Organisation : Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Shahibaug
Announcement : Study Material Class IX Social Science
Download Study Material : http://www.syllabus.gen.in/uploads/75-class_ix_social_science.pdf
Home Page : kvshahibaug.org
STUDY MATERIAL CLASS: IX SOCIAL SCIENCE
Design of sample question paper Social Science IX SA-II (2014-2015)
S. No. Form of questions Marks of each question Number of questions Total Marks
1 MCQ 1 8 08
2 Short Answer (SA) 3 12 36
3 Long Answer (LA) 5 8 40
4 Map Question 3 2 06 Total – 30 90
Part 1: History
CHAPTER 4 FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM
CONCEPTS:
DEFORESTATION:-
Deforestation is cutting down of trees indiscriminately in a forest area. Under the colonial rule it became very systematic and extensive.
Why Deforestation
** As population increased over the centuries and the demand for food went up, peasants extended the boundaries of cultivation by clearing forests.
** The British encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton for their industries as raw material.
** The British thought that forests were unproductive land as they yielded neither revenue nor agricultural produce. Cultivation was viewed as a sign of progress. Oak forests in England were disappearing. There was no timber supply for the shipbuilder industry. Forest resources of India were used to make ships for the Royal Navy.
** Spread of railways required two things :
** land to be cleared to lay railway tracks
** wood as fuel for locomotives and for railway line sleepers.
** Large areas of natural forests were cleared for tea, coffee and rubber plantations. Thus land was given to planters at cheap rates.
COMMERCIAL FORESTRY:-
The British were worried that the use of forests by local people and the reckless felling of trees by traders would destroy forests and hence invited German expert Dietrich Brandis as first Inspector General of Forests in India.
Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act of1865. The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up in Dehradun in 1906.Scientific forestry was taught there. In the scientific forestry system, forests with different kinds of trees were replaced by plantations. Forest management plans were made by forest officials. They planned how much of the forest had to be cut and how much had to be replanted.
The Forest Acts: According to this act the forest were divided into three categories, but the villagers were dissatisfied with this Forest Acts. They were now forced to steal wood from the forests. If they were caught, they were punished.
Forest Rules and Cultivation
Shifting cultivation or Sweden agriculture was the agricultural practice in many parts of Asia, Africa and South America. The colonial foresters did not favour this system as it made it difficult for the government to calculate taxes. In addition, the forest officials saw in it the danger of fire and also that no trees could grow on this kind of land.
Hunting and Forest Laws: The forest laws forbade the villagers from hunting in the forests but encouraged hunting as a big sport. They felt that the wild animals were savage, wild and primitive, just like the Indian society and that it was their duty to civilise them.
New Trade and New Employment: New opportunities opened in trade as the forest department took control of the forests, e.g., the Mundurucu peoples of the Brazilian Amazon. With the colonial influence trade was completely regulated by the government. Many large European trading firms were given the sole right to trade in forest products of a particulate area. Many pastoral communities lost their means of livelihood. New opportunities of work did not always mean improved well-being for the people.
FOREST REBELLIONS
Forest communities rebelled against the changes imposed upon them. The people of Bastar were one such group. The initiative was taken by the Dhurwas of the Kanger forest where reservation first took place. The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion. It took them three months to regain control. A victory for the people of Bastar was that the work on reservation was suspended and the area was reduced to half.
CHANGES IN JAVA:
The Kalangs: They rose in rebellion against the Dutch in 1770 but their uprising was suppressed.
Scientific Forestry in Java: Forest laws were enacted in Java. The villagers resisted these laws.Forest timber was used for ships and railway sleepers. The Dutch government used the ‘balandongdiensten’ system for extracting free labour from the villagers.
Samin’s Movement: Samin of Randublatung village (a teak forest village) questioned the state ownership of forests. A widespread movement spread. They protested by lying on the ground when the Dutch came to survey it and refusing to pay taxes and perform labour.
World Wars and Deforestation: The world wars had a major impact on forests. The forest department cut freely to meet the British demands. The Dutch followed the scorched earth policy of destroying saw mills, burning logs of teak so that the Japanese could not benefit from it. The Japanese forced the villagers to cut down forests, when they occupied the area.
New Developments: Conservation and preservation of forests has now become the focus rather than timber. It has also been realised that if forests are to survive, the local community needs to be involved. There are many such examples in India where communities are conserving forests in sacred groves. This looking after is done by each member of the village and everyone is involved.
Tea/Coffee plantations — The colonial state thought that forest land was unproductive.
It is unable to yield agricultural production or revenue collection. Large areas of natural forests were hence cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe’s growing need for these commodities. The colonial government took over the forests and gave vast areas to European planters at cheap rates. The areas were enclosed and cleared of forests and planted with tea or coffee.
Advasis and other peasant users — Adivasis and other peasant users do not cut down forests except to practice shifting cultivation or gather timber for fuel. They also gather forest products and graze their cattle. This does not destroy the forests except sometimes in shifting agriculture. In fact, now the new trends that promote forest conservation tend to involve local villagers in conservation and preservation. The adivasis and other peasant communities regard the forests as their own and even engage watchmen to keep a vigil over their forests.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS :
Q.1. Who was the colonial power in Indonesia?
(a) British
(b) Dutch
(c) French
(d) Portuguese
Q.2.Which place is now famous as a rice-producing island in Indonesia?
(a) Java
(b) Sumatra
(c) Borneo
(d) Kalimantan
Q.3. Where did the Dutch start forest management in Indonesia?
(a) Java
(b) Sumatra
(c) Bali
(d) None of the above
Q.4. Who was ‘Kalangs’ of Java?
(a) Dynasty of rulers
(b) Skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators
(c) A community of moneylenders
(d) none of the above
Q.5 The Kalangs resisted the Dutch in
(a) 1700
(b) 1750
(c) 1770
(d) 1800
Q.6. According to the forest laws enacted by the Dutch in Java,
(a) Villagers’ access to forest was restricted
(b) Wood could be cut only for specified purposes like making river boats or constructing houses
(c) Villagers were punished for grazing cattle
(d) All the above
Q.7.What was the system of ‘blandongdiensten’?
(a) A system of education
(b) Industrialisation
(c) First imposition of rent on land and then exemption
(d) None of the above
Q.8.What did Surontiko Samin of Randublatung village, a teak forest village, begin questioning?
(a) The foreign policy of the Dutch
(b) State ownership of the forest
(c) The export policy of the Dutch
(d) none of the above
Q.9.What was the policy followed by the British in India towards forests during the First and the Second World Wars?
(a) The forest department cut trees freely to meet British
(b) Cutting of trees was strictly prohibited for everyone, including the British
(c) More and more trees were planted to give employment to Indians
(d) None of the above
Q.10.What is the goal of governments across Asia and Africa since the 1980s?
(a) Conservation of forests
(b) Collection of timber
(c) Settling people in forest areas
(d) Destroying old forests and growing new ones
Q.11. Who wrote the book ‘The Forests of India’ in the year 1923?
(a) David Spurr
(b) E.P. Stebbing
(c) Verrier Elvin
(d) John Middleton
12. Which of the following is not associated with Sweden agriculture?
(a) Karacha
(b) Jhum
(c) Bewar
(d) Penda