Syllabus for Class 12th ubse.uk.gov.in : Uttarakhand Board of School Education

Organisation : Uttarakhand Board of School Education
Announcement : Syllabus Class 12th

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Class 12th syllabus :
A. Fundamentals of Human Geography
Unit 1: Human Geography: Nature and Scope

Unit 2: People
** Population — distribution, density and growth
** Population change-spatial patterns and structure; determinants of population change;
** Age-sex ratio; rural-urban composition;
** Human development – concept; selected indicators, international comparisons

Unit 3: Human Activities
** Primary activities – c oncept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agricultural and allied activities – some examples from selected countries.
** Secondary activities-concept; manufacturing: types – household, small scale, large scale; agro based and mineral based industries; people engaged in secondary activities – some examples from selected countries.
** Tertiary activities-concept; trade, transport and communication; services; people engaged in tertiary activities – some examples from selected countries
** Quaternary activities-concept; knowledge based industries; people engaged in quaternary activities – some examples from selected countries

Unit 4: Transport, Communication and Trade
** Land transport – roads, railways; trans-continental railways.
** Water transport- inland waterways; major ocean routes.
** Air transport- Intercontinental air routes.
** Oil and gas pipelines.
** Satellite communication and cyber space.
** International trade-Bases and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade, role of WTO in International trade.

Unit 5: Human Settlements
** Settlement types – rural and urban; morphology of cities (case study); distribution of mega cities; problems of human settlements in developing countries.

Unit 6: Map Work on identification of features based on above units on the outline Political map of World.
Part B. India: People and Economy

Unit 7: People
** Population : distribution, density and growth; composition of population – linguistic, religious; sex, rural-urban and occupational– polulation change through time and regional variations;
** Migration: international, national-causes and consequences;
** Human development: selected indicators and regional patterns;
** Population, environment and development.

Unit 8: Human Settlements
** Rural settlements – types and distribution;
** Urban settlements – types, distribution and functional classification.

Unit 9: Resources and Development
** Land resources- general land use; agricultural land use, Distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugar cane and Rubber), agricultural development and problems.
** Water resources-availability and utilization-irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods-rain water harvesting and watershed management (one case study related with participatory watershed management to be introduced).
** Mineral and energy resources: distribution of metallic (Ironore, Copper, Bauxite, Manganese) non-metallic (Mica, Salt) minerals; conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas and Hydro electricity) and non-conventional energy sources (solar, wind, biogas).
** Industries – types, industrial location and clustering; distribution and changing pattern of selected industries-iron and steel, cotton textiles, sugar, petrochemicals, and knowledge based industries; impact of liberalization, privatisation and globalisation on industrial location;
** Planning in India- target area planning (case study); idea of sustainable development (case study)

Unit 10: Transport, Communication and International Trade
** Transport and communication-roads, railways, waterways and airways: oil and gas pipelines; national electric grids; communication networkings – radio, television, satellite and internet;
** International trade- changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; sea ports and their hinterland and airports,

Unit 11: Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems (One case study to be introduced for each topic)
** Environmental pollution; urban-waste disposal.
** Urbanisation rural-urban migration; problem of slum.
** Land Degradation.

Unit 12: Map work on locating and labelling of features based on above units on outline political map of India

C. Practical Work
Unit I : Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping
** Sources of data.
** Tabulating and processing of data; calculation of averages, measures of central tendency, deviation and rank correlation;
** Representation of data- construction of diagrams: bars, circles and flowchart; thematic maps; construction of dot; choropleth and isopleth maps.
** Use of computers in data processing and mapping.

Unit II : Survey (Chain Table Survey and Plane Table Survey)

Unit III: Field Study or Spatial Information Technology
Field visit and study: map orientation, observation and preparation of sketch; survey on any one of the local concerns; pollution, ground water changes, land use and land-use changes, poverty, energy issues, soil degradation, impact of floods and drought, catchment area of school, Market survey and Household survey (any one topic of local concern may be taken up for the study; observation and questionnaire survey may be adopted for the data collection; collected data may be tabulated and analysed with diagrams and maps).
OR
Spatial Information Technology
Introduction to GIS; hardware requirements and software modules; data formats; raster and vector data, data input, editing & topology building; data analysis; overlay & buffer

CLASS XII
COMPUTER SCIENCE (Theory)
Time : 3 Hours
One Paper Marks : 70
Unit No. Unit Name Marks
1. PROGRAMMING IN C++ 30
2. DATA STRUCTURE 14
3. DATABASE AND SQL 8
4. BOOLEAN ALGEBRA 8
5. COMMUNICATION AND OPEN SOURCE CONCEPTS 10
70

UNIT 1: PROGRAMMING IN C++
REVIEW: C++ covered In Class -XI,
Object Oriented Programming:
Concept of Object Oriented Programming – Data hiding, Data encapsulation, Class and Object, Abstract class and Concrete class, Polymorphism (Implementation of polymorphism using Function overloading as an example in C++); Inheritance, Advantages of Object Oriented Programming over earlier programming methodologies,

Implementation of Object Oriented Programming concepts in C++:
Definition of a class, Members of a class – Data Members and Member Functions (methods), Using Private and Public visibility modes, default visibility mode (private); Member function definition: inside class definition and outside class definition using scope resolution operator (::); Declaration of objects as instances of a class; accessing members from object(s), Array of type class, Objects as function arguments – pass by value and pass by reference;

Constructor and Destructor:
Constructor: Special Characteristics, Declaration and Definition of a constructor, Default Constructor, Overloaded Constructors, Copy Constructor, Constructor with default arguments; Destructor: Special Characteristics, Declaration and definition of destructor;

Inheritance (Extending Classes):
Concept of Inheritance, Base Class, Derived Class, Defining derived classes, protected visibility mode; Single level inheritance, Multilevel inheritance and Multiple inheritance, Privately derived, Publicly derived and Protectedly derived class, accessibility of members from objects and within derived class(es);

Data File Handling:
Need for a data file, Types of data files – Text file and Binary file;
Text File: Basic file operations on text file: Creating/Writing text into file, Reading and manipulation of text from an already existing text File (accessing sequentially);
Binary File: Creation of file, Writing data into file, Searching for required data from file, Appending data to a file, Insertion of data in sorted file, Deletion of data from file, Modification of data in a file;
Implementation of above mentioned data file handling in C++;

Components of C++ to be used with file handling:
Header file: fstream.h; ifstream, ofstream, fstream classes;
Opening a text file in in, out, and app modes;
Using cascading operators for writing text to the file and reading text from the file; open(), get(), put(), getline() and close() functions; Detecting end-of-file (with or without using eof() function);
Opening a binary file using in, out, and app modes; open(), read(), write() and close() functions; Detecting end-of-file (with or without using eof() function); tellg(), tellp(), seekg(), seekp() functions

Pointers:
Declaration and Initialization of Pointers; Dynamic memory allocation/deallocation operators: new, delete; Pointers and Arrays: Array of Pointers, Pointer to an array (1 dimensional array), Function returning a pointer, Reference variables and use of alias; Function call by reference. Pointer to structures: Deference operator: *, ->; self referencial structures;

UNIT 2: DATA STRUCTURES
Arrays:
One and two Dimensional arrays: Sequential allocation and address calculation;
One dimensional array: Traversal, Searching (Linear, Binary Search), Insertion of an element in an array, deletion of an element from an array, Sorting (Insertion, Selection, Bubble sort), concatenation of two linear arrays, merging of two sorted arrays;
Two-dimensional arrays: Traversal, Finding sum/difference of two NxM arrays containing numeric values, Interchanging Row and Column elements in a two dimensional array;
Stack (Array and Linked implementation of Stack):
Operations on Stack (PUSH and POP) and its Implementation in C++, Converting expressions from INFIX to POSTFIX notation and evaluation of Postfix expression;
Queue: (Circular Array and Linked Implementation):
Operations on Queue (Insert and Delete) and its Implementation in C++.

UNIT 3: DATABASES AND SQL
Database Concepts:
Relational data model: Concept of domain, tuple, relation, key, primary key, alternate key, candidate key;
Relational algebra: Selection, Projection, Union and Cartesian product;
Structured Query Language:
General Concepts: Advantages of using SQL, Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation
Language;
Data types: NUMBER, CHARACTER, DATE;
SQL commands:
CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, ALTER TABLE, UPDATE…SET…, INSERT, DELETE;
SELECT, DISTINCT, FROM, WHERE, IN, BETWEEN, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY;
SQL functions: SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX and MIN;
Note: Implementation of the above mentioned commands could be done on any SQL supported software on one or two tables.

UNIT 4: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
Binary-valued Quantities, Boolean Variable, Boolean Constant and Boolean Operators: AND, OR, NOT; Truth Tables; Closure Property, Commutative Law, Associative Law, Identity law, Inverse law, Principle of Duality, Idem potent Law, Distributive Law, Absorption Law, Involution law, DeMorgan’s Law and their applications;